The use of slag in concrete has several benefits, including reduced energy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and reduced use of raw materials. Various types of slag are produced: - Blast-furnace slag—The nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast …

Slag Cement and Total Concrete Alkali Loading 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 % Expansion at 2 Years Concrete Alkali Content, kg/m 3 Control 25% Slag 35% Slag 50% Slag 65% Slag • Concrete Prisms ~ ASTM C1293 • Sudbury Aggregate From Thomas and Innis, 1998 WCPA Annual Concrete ...

Slag cement does not contain carbon and does not cause instability in the entrained air content. Time of Set. Time of initial set is influenced by the use of slag cement and fly ash. Concrete made with slag cement can have faster set times than concrete made with fly ash (Figure 2). Pumpability and Finishability. Pumpability with slag cement ...

Super Air Meter (SAM) is a modified Type B concrete air meter invented by Tyler Ley, Ph.D., PE, who promises the SAM will change the way we view concrete's freeze-thaw durability.(To read more about Tyler, see our Tyler Ley Interview blog post with Dr. Ley himself).. The SAM uses an extended test procedure to determine air content and characterize the size and distribution of air bubbles in ...

Step 3: Mixing Water and Air Content Now you get the first estimation of the amount of water required to obtain the appropriate workability for your mix, based on the slump flow and aggregate size. The Concrete Hub app also suggests the amount of entrapped air required for non-air-entrained or air-entrained concrete.

Hakkinen (1986) studied the properties of alkali-activated slag concrete and found that the expansion of AAS increased as the alkali content increased from 2.2% to 5.3% for an opal content of 8%. But when the amount of alkali was about 2% by mass of slag (typical alkali content for this kind of concrete), the measured expansion was not higher ...

Air Content (ASTM C457) of Hardened Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete Mixtures Prepared with Different AEA and Dosages. An increase in the AEA dosage results in an increase of the air content although much higher dosages are needed to achieve the same as in OPC concrete.

dioxide from the air ... high metakaolin or slag content ... The cementitious properties of GGBFS and AAS promote their usage in the concrete matrix. Partial inclusion of slag for cement produces ...

The air content of the concrete in the mixer drum may increase when the mixer ... silica fume and granulated blast furnace slag. Metakaolin has no apparent effect on the air content. o Air contents generally decrease with the addition of fly ash. Air

furnace slag as a partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete if the following limits are met: a. Replace no more than 50 percent of the cement by weight. b. Replace the cement with slag at the rate of 1.0 lb (1.0 kg) of slag to 1.0 lb of cement.

Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder.Ground-granulated blast furnace slag is highly cementitious and high in calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) which is a strength enhancing ...

The results showed that when natural aggregates were replaced with air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregates in mortar or concrete, the content of the capillary pore in the mortar matrix was reduced and the interfacial structure between aggregate and matrix was improved, resulting in the lower water absorption of mortar or concrete.

Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars. Guide Specification for Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM) 5 ... produces a stable air content between 15 and 30%. Some of the benefits of entraining air in CLSM is it controls strength development and reduces the water content, bleeding, shrinkage, and settlement. ...

It is not applicable to concretes made with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast-furnace slag, or aggregates of high porosity. In these cases, Test Method C173/C173M should be used. This test method is also not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly used in the manufacture of pipe and concrete masonry units.

Slag cement is generally ground to less than 45 microns and has a specific gravity in the range of 2.85 to 2.95. Slag is generally used in higher percentages than fly ash, commonly constituting between 30% and 45% of the cementitious material in concrete, while some comprise as high as 70% or more of the cementitious material in a mix.

Slag is a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), and is considered a pre-consumer waste product under the LEED program. Slag content concrete usually contains 30% slag or higher (by cementitous weight), and Graniterock has specially created LEED compliant mixes with substantial quantities of slag to meet the demands of today's green building initiatives. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace ...

5.9. Air Content. Air content of concrete was measured using the method described in ASTM C231. The results are shown in Figure 10. From the figure, the use of SSA resulted in a slight increase in the air content for replacements less than 50%. Air content was approximately doubled when all aggregates were replaced by SSA.

Low curing temperatures can result in greater retardation of the setting time, but the use of chemical accelerators can aid to minimize the delay, if necessary. To achieve a given entrained-air content, the amount of air entrainment needed for concrete containing slag cement is similar to that of Portland cement concrete (ACI-Committee-233, 2017).

In our area, people are discussing the benefits or disadvantages of finishing exterior concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag. One group claims that since slag is finer than portland cement, a finisher brings more fines to the surface after straight edge and floating and thus creates a less durable surface. Another group suggests that the excess fines in a flatwork ...

The slag shall contain no additions and shall conform to the sulfide sulfur and sulfate chemical composition requirement. Physical properties of the slag shall be in accordance with the requirements for fineness as determined by air permeability and air content, slag …

Air Content Control. Measurement of air content is an important checking "sensor" for the concrete user to know whether concrete will resist freeze-thaw damage. Because average void spacing decreases as air content increases, an "optimum" air content at which void spacing will prevent the development of excessive pressure due to ...

Slag cement does not contain carbon and therefore should not cause fluctuations in air content. Slag cement is also compatible with pozzolans such as fly ash or silica fume. The percentage of slag cement to use for maximum strength development is usually between 40 and 50 percent.

(2) For plain concrete, the maximum w/cm shall be 0.45 and the minimum fc' shall be 4500 psi. (ACI 318-14) Table 19.3.3.1 – Total Air Content for Concrete Exposed to Cycles of Freezing and Thawing Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size, in Target Air Content, Percent F1 F2 and F3 3/8 6 7.5 ½ 5.5 7 ¾ 5 6 1 4.5 6 1½ 4.5 5.5 2 4 5 3 3.5 4.5

amount of air in the concrete (Table 902A), the minimum amount of cementitious material in the concrete (Table 902A), the maximum amount of fly ash (25%) and slag cement (50%) in the concrete, and the maximum water to cementitious material (WCR) of the concrete (Table 902A). 4.

3. Air Content. Design cement concrete to have an air content of 6.0% in the plastic state. Design AAAP concrete mixes to have an air content of 7.0% in the plastic state. Obtain the air content through the addition of a solution of an air-entraining admixture as specified in Section 704.1(e)4. Use the quantity of air-entraining admixture

Air content Temperature Resistance to ASR Durability Sulfate resistance Freeze-thaw resistance ... TABLE 4.2.2.1.b.1 — Total air content for concrete exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing 3/4" 7.5 1/2" Nominal maximum ... + pozzolan or slag cement, or IS(<70)(HS)+ pozzolan or slag cement ASTM C1157 NA MS HS

Panda et al. (2013) observed that ferrochrome slag had similar fresh properties of river sand concrete. Concrete with steel slag contained 5%e6% of air content and consistency was around 16 cm ...

In contrast, GBF slag concrete showed similar results with that of OPC. These differences of slumps between EAF and GBF mixtures were caused by the difference in the particle size of binders. The addition of fine EAF slag decreases the air content of the concrete mixture, potentially resulting in a decrease of fluidity.

In the U.S., blends of slag and portland cements were introduced in 1896. Today, slag cement can account for 30% to 50% of the cement content in concrete. For applications such as mass concrete and in marine environments, that figure can rise to more than 70%.

GGBFS blended concrete without Air entraining admixture (AEA) shows significantly lower air content than in a typical OPC concrete. Dose of AEA required to entrain a given volume of air is more for GGBFS blended concrete, this may be due to the increased workability exhibited by the GGBFS blending and therefore easing the expulsion of entrapped ...

5-694.216 AIR ENTRAINMENT All concrete contains some entrapped air bubbles. Large entrapped air bubbles are undesirable. Air-entrained concrete has air, in a finely divided and dispersed form, purposely induced at the time of mixing. The air is produced in the concre te by the addition of an approved air-entraining admixture.